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DOI 10.37219/2528-8253-2024-4-6-9

Dieieva YuV, Dovhych SV

Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in sensorineural hearing loss: the role of BID, BAD, BAK, BCL-x genes

Dieieva Julia V.
Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Head of the department of Otorhinolaryngology
MD, PhD, professor
E-mail: deyeva@bigmir.net
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0552-1254
https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55359076200
Dovgich Sergey
Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Associate Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology
PhD
E-mail: sergeydovgi4@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5983-6323

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS IN SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS: THE ROLE OF BID, BAD, BAK, BCL-X GENES

Dieieva YuV, Dovhych SV

Bogomolets National Medical University

Email: sergeydovgi4@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a common pathology affecting over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, particularly the role of BID, BAD, BAK, and BCL-x genes, is critical for developing effective treatment methods.

Objective: To analyze current data on the effects of oxidative stress on the expression of BID, BAD, BAK, and BCL-x genes in the context of sensorineural hearing loss development.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for the period 2020-2025. The analysis included clinical, experimental, and review articles investigating the role of apoptosis genes in SNHL. A meta-analysis of the studied genes’ expression data was performed.

Results: Increased expression of proapoptotic genes BID, BAD, and BAK (FC >1.5) and decreased expression of the antiapoptotic gene BCL-x (FC ≈ 0.73) were found in patients with SNHL. Oxidative stress was identified as a key factor in activating apoptosis in hair cells. Combined therapy with antioxidants and apoptosis inhibitors showed potential in preserving up to 30% of functional auditory cells in early stages of SNHL.

Conclusions: The study confirms the key role of BID, BAD, BAK, and BCL-x genes in SNHL pathogenesis and substantiates the promise of developing therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating these genes’ expression and reducing oxidative stress.

Keywords: sensorineural hearing loss, apoptosis, oxidative stress, BID, BAD, BAK, BCL-x, apoptosis gene expression.

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